Anh Ngữ Học Thuật

Do vậy, ngôn từ diễn đạt trong các bài viết khoa học và xã hội thường có những đặc tính như đơn cử dưới đây. Mời các anh chị đang có nhu cầu luyện viết học thuật hay đang luyện thi IELTS tham khảo những cách viết tiêu biểu trong bài luận sau đây.

> COORDINATION, Diễn ngôn kết hợp đồng đẳng

> CAUSE AND EFFECT, Diễn ngôn nhân quả

> BACKGROUND AND INCIDENTS, Bối cảnh và sự cố

> NATURE RULES & HYPOTHESES, Quy luật tự nhiên và giả định

> FORMAL LANGUAGE AND TERMINOLOGY, Diễn từ trang trọng quy cách và thuật ngữ

The Nature of Change

*American Speaker from Reflective English:

1. Nature is disappearing

Since 1970, mammal, bird, fish, amphibian and reptile populations have seen an alarming decrease in size of 68% on average. With global declines across all species and ecosystems accelerating, our planet now faces an unprecedented extinction crisis, one that is so grave that scientists refer to the scale of biodiversity and nature loss as akin to “biological annihilation”.

*Writing notes:

+ To describe a recent trend:

> Mammal populations have seen (shown / experienced) an alarming increase / decrease…

= There has been an alarming increase / decrease in mammal populations…

+ To describe the result of a recent trend:

> With global declines across all species and ecosystems accelerating, our planet now faces an unprecedented extinction crisis.

+ To use terminology:

> Scientists refer to the scale of biodiversity and nature loss as akin to / similar to “biological annihilation”.

= The scale of biodiversity and nature loss is known as “biological annihilation”.

2. What is biodiversity?

Biodiversity supports everything in nature that we need to survive: food, clean water, shelter and medicine. The term itself is a contraction of biological diversity and is shorthand for a combination of species diversity and species richness. It was coined in 1985 by Walter G. Rosen of the National Research Council/National Academy of Sciences while he was planning a forum that took place in Washington, D.C.

*Writing notes:

+ To explain terminology:

> The term itself is a contraction of biological diversity.

> It is shorthand for a combination of species diversity and species richness.

= Biodiversity implies a great variety of species and richness of wildlife and nature.

3. Why does biodiversity matter?

The United Nations (UN) warns that an additional 1m animal and plant species are currently threatened with extinction, many within decades. If and when this prediction comes true, there will be dire—indeed, terminal—consequences for ourselves and the rest of life on Earth.

*Writing notes:

+ To add more consequences:

> An additional 1m animal and plant species are currently threatened with extinction, many within decades.

+ The probable condition / hypothesis:

> If and when this prediction comes true, there will be dire, indeed, terminal consequences.

4. “Without biodiversity, there is no future for humanity.”

~ David Macdonald, Oxford University Professor of Wildlife Conservation

Species extinction is palpably life-critical because biodiversity sustains our very existence: the air we breathe, the food we eat, the water we drink, our shelter, our safety and our health.

Biodiversity underpins global food security and nutrition. Millions of species help nurture the healthy soils that are essential to grow the fruits, vegetables and animal products that provide a balanced diet to a world population of over 7.6bn people. Declining biodiversity threatens our food systems.

Biodiversity helps fight disease. Plants have been an essential part of medicine for tens of thousands of years, and biodiversity continues to support the research and development of new drugs. Around 25% of the drugs made by modern pharmaceuticals are derived from rainforest plants.

*Writing notes:

+ The ever-true condition / cause and effect

> Without biodiversity, there is no future for humanity.

> Biodiversity sustains our very existence.

> Millions of species help nurture the healthy soils.

> Declining biodiversity threatens our food systems.

> Biodiversity helps fight disease.

> Plants have been an essential part of medicine for tens of thousands of years.

> Drugs made by modern pharmaceuticals are derived from rainforest plants.

5. Covid-19 and nature

The Covid-19 pandemic has been the biggest global health threat of the past century. Since January 2020, it has disrupted all aspects of daily life, causing untold physical, mental and economic damage and resulting in millions of deaths.

Nature plays a key role in the origins and prevention of pandemics. A recent report by the Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (IPBES) shows that the same human activities that are driving biodiversity loss are also driving pandemic risk. Our impact on the environment—whether through land use, agriculture, or illegal and unsustainable wildlife trade—results in increased contact between animals, pathogens and people, paving the way for future pandemics. Better conservation of protected areas could reduce contact between wildlife, livestock and people, thereby reducing pandemic risk.

*Writing notes:

Dominoes effects

> The Covid-19 pandemic has disrupted all aspects of daily life, causing untold physical, mental and economic damage and resulting in millions of deaths.

> Our impact on the environment, whether through land use, agriculture, or illegal and unsustainable wildlife trade, results in increased contact between animals, pathogens and people, paving the way for future pandemics.

> Better conservation of protected areas could reduce contact between wildlife, livestock and people, thereby reducing pandemic risk. (COULD / WOULD used for hypothetical effects)

> The same human activities that are driving biodiversity loss are also driving pandemic risk.

Source: “The Nature of Change,” from “An Eco-wakening: Measuring global awareness, engagement and action for nature,” by The Economist

Hãy theo dõi Reflective English trên trang Facebook “Reflective English,” nhóm “Biên – Phiên Dịch Tiếng Anh | Reflective English” và nhóm “Tiếng Anh Phổ Thông | Reflective English” nhé!