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Tạp chí khoa học NATURE: Khảo sát thống kê các loại động vật được bán ra từ chợ động vật Vũ Hán ngay trước đại dịch Covid-19

Sơ lược đối tượng và phương pháp khảo sát; kết quả thống kê; thảo luận phân tích kết luận khoa học

People wearing face masks to help curb the spread of the coronavirus visit a shopping mall in Beijing, Sunday, June 6, 2021. Photo: AP

Animal sales from Wuhan wet markets immediately prior to the COVID-19 pandemic

By Xiao Xiao, Chris Newman, Christina D. Buesching, David W. Macdonald & Zhao-Min Zhou

Here we document 47,381 individuals from 38 species, including 31 protected species sold between May 2017 and November 2019 in Wuhan’s markets. We note that no pangolins (or bats) were traded, supporting reformed opinion that pangolins were not likely the spillover host at the source of the current coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic. While we caution against the misattribution of COVID-19’s origins, the wild animals on sale in Wuhan suffered poor welfare and hygiene conditions and we detail a range of other zoonotic infections they can potentially vector. Nevertheless, in a precautionary response to COVID-19, China’s Ministries temporarily banned all wildlife trade on 26th Jan 2020 until the COVID-19 pandemic concludes, and permanently banned eating and trading terrestrial wild (nonlivestock) animals for food on 24th Feb 2020. These interventions, intended to protect human health, redress previous trading and enforcement inconsistencies, and will have collateral benefits for global biodiversity conservation and animal welfare.

*LEARNING NOTES:

individuals from 38 species:

> các cá thể khác nhau thuộc 38 chủng loài

no pangolins (or bats) were traded:

> không hề có loài dơi nào được mua bán

supporting reformed opinion that …

> điều này củng cố quan điểm xét lại cho rằng …

not likely the spillover host:

> khó có thể là nguồn lây / vật chủ phát tán: F0

at the source of the current coronavirus pandemic:

> ở khởi nguồn của đại dịch hiện nay

caution against the misattribution of COVID-19’s origins:

> cẩn trọng để khỏi sai lầm quy lỗi nguyên do của bệnh Covid-19 hiện nay

a range of other zoonotic infections:

> nhiều loại bệnh truyền nhiễm từ động vật

potentially vector (v) possibly transmit:

> có khả năng truyền nhiễm

in a precautionary response to COVID-19:

> trong nỗ lực đáp ứng phòng ngừa

terrestrial wild (nonlivestock) animals:

> động vật hoang dã đất liền, không phải gia cầm vật nuôi

collateral benefits for global biodiversity conservation:

> lợi ích nhiều mặt đối với việc bảo tồn đa dạng sinh học

Results

Animal sales from Wuhan’s markets. Across all 17 shops, vendors reported total sales of 36,295 individuals, belonging to 38 terrestrial wild animal species, averaging 1170.81 individuals per month (Standard deviation (SD) = 445.01, n = 31). Including species sold by weight inflated this total to 47,381 individuals. Notably, no pangolin or bat species were among these animals for sale.

Almost all animals were sold alive, caged, stacked and in poor condition. Most stores offered butchering services, done on site, with considerable implications for food hygiene and animal welfare. Approximately 30% of individuals from 6 mammal species inspected had suffered wounds from gunshots or traps, implying illegal wild harvesting. Thirteen of these 17 stores clearly posted the necessary permits from Wuhan Forestry Bureau allowing them to sell legitimate wild animal species (e.g., Siamese Crocodile (Crocodylus siamensis), Indian Peafowl (Pavo cristatus), Common Pheasant (Phasianus colchicus) and Amur hedgehog (Erinaceus amurensis) for food; four shops had no such permit. Species names were given in Chinese only, with no clear taxonomic binomial designation. None of the 17 shops posted an origin certificate or quarantine certificate, so all wildlife trade was fundamentally illegal. Notably, vendors freely disclosed a variety of protected species on sale illegally in their shops, therefore they would not benefit from specifically concealing pangolin trade or the trade in any particular species, and so we are confident this list is complete. The most expensive wild mammal species sold for food was the marmot (Marmota himalayana) at over US$25 per kg, while raccoon dogs (Nyctereutes procyonoides) and badgers (Arctonyx albogularis and Meles leucurus) were priced at c. $15-20 per kg; hedgehogs retailed for as little as $2-3 each; all wild caught and intended as food. Squirrels (Callosciurus erythraeus and Sciurus vulgaris) were sold as pets for c. $25 each. The most expensive wild bird sold for food was the Indian peafowl (Pavo cristatus) at $56 each, while captive-bred crested myna birds (Acridotheres cristatellus), prized for imitating human speech, were sold as pets for c. $300. The Sharp-nosed pit viper (Deinagkistrodon acutus) was the most expensive reptile, at $70 per kg. For comparison, the average retail prices of pork, poultry and fish in Wuhan were $5.75, $4.25, and $2.32, respectively. These traded species can host a wide range of infectious zoonotic diseases or disease-bearing parasites.

*LEARNING NOTES:

Standard deviation (SD) = the small extent of difference from average:

> độ lệch chuẩn, sai số cho phép

Notably,… / It is notable that … / It is noteworthy that …

> Đáng chú ý là …

butchering services, done on site = killing and preparing meat on the spot:

> các dịch vụ làm lông xẻ thịt tại chỗ

with considerable implications for food hygiene and animal welfare / involving terrible food hygiene and cruel animal killing:

> kéo theo những hệ quả đáng ngại về vệ sinh thực phẩm và sự đau đớn của bản thân con vật bị giết

implying illegal wild harvesting / revealing wildlife poaching:

> hàm ý việc thu hoạch săn bắt bất hợp pháp

with no clear taxonomic binomial designation:

> không hề có bảng phân định tên thường gọi và danh pháp khoa học

origin certificate or quarantine certificate:

> chứng nhận nguồn gốc hay chứng chỉ nuôi nhốt cách ly

disclosed a variety of protected (rare/endangered) species on sale illegally in their shops:

> tiết lộ hàng loạt chủng loài đang được bảo vệ / quý hiếm bày bán bất hợp pháp

they would not benefit from specifically concealing pangolin trade:

> bản thân họ không được lợi gì từ việc cố ý che giấu việc mua bán dơi

we are confident this list is complete / We are self-assured / We are convinced that:

> Chúng tôi tin rằng danh mục này là đầy đủ

prized for imitating human speech = highly valued for its ability to imitate human speech:

> có giá trị cao do biết bắt chước tiếng người

retail prices of pork, poultry and fish:

> giá bán lẻ thịt heo, thịt gia cầm và cá

$5.75, $4.25, and $2.32, respectively = in the same order / strictly following this order:

> 5.75, 4.25, 2.32 đô la theo đúng thứ tự như trên

host a wide range of infectious zoonotic diseases = be the source of transmission of infectious diseases from animals:

> chính là nguồn lây lan các bệnh truyền nhiễm từ động vật đến con người

disease-bearing parasites = those tiny animals that live on a larger one and carry infectious diseases:

> vật kí sinh mang mầm bệnh

Discussion

Our findings illustrate both the range and extent of wildlife exploitation in Wuhan markets, prior to new trading bans linked to the COVID-19 outbreak, along with the poor conditions under which these animals were kept prior to sale. Circumstantially, the absence of pangolins (and bats, not typically eaten in Central China; media footage generally depicts Indonesia) from our comprehensive survey data corroborates that pangolins are unlikely implicated as spill-over hosts in the COVID-19 outbreak. This is unsurprising because live pangolin trading has largely ceased in China. We should therefore not be complacent, because the original source of COVID-19 does not seem to have been established. This is doubly important because false attribution can lead to extreme and irresponsible animal persecution.